Anteseden Loyalitas Karyawan Dari Aspek Individual Dan Organisasi
Peran Servant Leadership Dan Budaya Inovatif Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior
DOI:
Keywords:
Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Servant Leadership, Innovation Culture, Social Exchange Theory, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia
Abstract
Penelitian sebelumnya telah dilakukan untuk melihat dinamika terjadinya organizational citizenship behavior pada karyawan. Terdapat celah penelitian mengenai faktor prediktor secara bersamaan antara faktor internal dan eksternal terhadap terjadinya organizational citizenship behavior, oleh karena itu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis servant leadership dan budaya inovatif terhadap organizational citizenship behavior. Untuk melihat hubungan antara semua variabel, penelitian ini didasarkan pada perspektif social exchange theory. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik multiple linier regression dengan cross-sectional dan convenience sampling. Peserta penelitian adalah karyawan perusahaan BUMN di Jakarta, Indonesia (N = 164). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan software SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan dan positif F(2,161) = 52.403402, p = 0.000 < 0.05 sehingga servant leadership dan budaya inovatif secara bersamaan dapat mempengaruhi organizational citizenship behavior. Berdasarkan hasil ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pentingnya servant leadership dan budaya inovatif terhadap organizational citizenship behavior.
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References
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Atchison T. A. (2002). What is Corporate Culture?. Trustee : the journal for hospital governing boards, 55(4), 11.
Aziz, K., Awais, M., Hasnain, S., Khalid, U., & Shahzadi, I. (2018). Do Good And Have Good: Does Servant Leadership Influence Organizational Citizenship Behavior?. International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research, 7(4), 7-16.
Bambale, A., Shamsudin, F., & Subramaniam, C. (2014). Effects of Servant Leader Behaviors on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors for the Individual (OCB-I) in the Nigeria’s Utility Industry Using Partial Least Squares (PLS). Abstract Of Economic, Finance And Management Outlook, 2(2).
Bateman, T., & Organ, D. (1983). Job Satisfaction and The Good Soldier: The Relationship Between Affect and Employee "Citizenship". Academy Of Management Journal, 26(1), 587-595
Bottomley, P., Mostafa, A. M. S., Gould-Williams, J. S., & León-Cázares, F. (2015). The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behaviours: The Contingent Role of Public Service Motivation. British Journal of Management, 27(2), 390–405.
Cheong, M., Yammarino, F. J., Dionne, S. D., Spain, S. M., & Tsai, C. Y. (2019). A Review of the Effectiveness of Empowering Leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 34-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.08.005
Cherian, J., Gaikar, V., Paul, R., & Pech, R. (2021). Corporate culture and its impact on employees’ attitude, performance, productivity, and behavior: An investigative analysis from selected organizations of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010045
Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E. L., Daniels, S. R., & Hall, A. V. (2017). Social exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), 479–516. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099
Deshpande, R., & Webster, F. E. (1989). Organizational culture and marketing: Defining the research agenda. Journal of Marketing, 53(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251521
Deshpande, R., Farley, J. U., & Webster Jr, F. E. (1993). Corporate culture, customer orientation, and innovativeness in Japanese firms: a quadrad analysis. Journal of marketing, 57(1), 23-37.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R, Hutchison, & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500–507.
Gravetter, F., & Forzano, L. (2016). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (5th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. New York: Paulist Press.
Greenleaf, R.K (2008). The Servant as Leader. Westfield, IN: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership,.
Hamel, G. (2006). The what, why, and how of management innovation. Harvard Business Review, 84(2), 72-84.
Harwiki, W. (2013). Effect of Servant Leadership to Motivation, Organization Culture, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), and Employee’s Performance in Outstanding Cooperatives East Java Province, Indonesia. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM). 8(5), 50-58.
Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
Hsiao, C., Lee, Y. H., & Chen, W. J. (2015), “The effect of servant leadership on customer value co-creation: A cross-level analysis of key mediating roles”, Tourism Management, Vol. 49, pp. 45-57.
Hunter, E. M., Neubert, M. J., Perry, S. J., Witt, L. A., Penney, L. M., & Weinberger, E. (2013). Servant leaders inspire servant followers: Antecedents and outcomes for employees and the organization. Leadership Quarterly, 24(2), 316–331
Indirasari, D., Purba, D., & Anindita, R. (2019). Future time perspective and turnover intention: The mediating role of resilience. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 4(1), 1. doi: 10.21580/pjpp.v4i1.3120
Jensen-Eriksen, K. (2016). The Role Of HR Analytics In Creating Data-Driven HRM Textual Network Analysis Of Online Blogs Of HR Professionals. Helsinki: Department of Management Studies, School of Business, Aalto University.
Khan, M., Ismail, F., Hussain, A., & Alghazali, B. (2020). The Interplay of Leadership Styles, Innovative Work Behavior, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. SAGE Open, 10(1), 215824401989826. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019898264
Khan, S., Memon, M., & Ramayah, T. (2018). Leadership and Innovative Culture Influence on Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Affective Commitment: The Mediating Role of Interactional Justice. International Journal Of Business And Society, 9(3).
Khan, M. A., Ismail, F. B., Hussain, A., & Alghazali, B. (2020). The interplay of leadership styles, innovative work behavior, organizational culture, and organizational citizenship behavior. SAGE Open, 10(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019898264
Laub, J. (1999). Assessing the servant organization: Development of the Servant Organizational Leadership (SOLA) instrument. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(2), 308 (UMI No. 9921922).
Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Workplace Deviance: The Role of Affect and Cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.131
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Meuser, J. D., Hu, J., Wu, J., & Liao, C. (2015). Servant leadership: Validation of a short form of the SL-28. Leadership Quarterly, 26(2), 254–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.12.002
Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202
McNeely, B. L., & Meglino, B. M. (1994). The role of dispositional and situational antecedents in prosocial organizational behavior: An examination of the intended beneficiaries of prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 836–844
Newman, A., Schwarz, G., Cooper, B., & Sendjaya, S. (2015), “How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality”, Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2827-6
O’Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and Organizational Culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 487–516. doi:10.2307/256404
Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. C. (2000). Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies. International Journal of human resource management, 11(4), 766-788. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190050075114
Organ, D.W. (1988) Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Parris, D. L., & Welty Peachey, J., (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(3), 377–393.
Petrella, M., (2013). The Effects Of Trust On Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. Online Thesis and Dissertation. Eastern Kentucky University.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513–563.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Purba, D. E., & Muhammad, F. (2020). Job insecurity and organizational citizenship behavior: The role of affective commitment. HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal, 17(2), 80. https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v0i0.14916
Reed, L. L. (2015). Servant leadership, followership, and organizational citizenship behaviors in 9-1-1 emergency communications centers: Implications of a national study. Servant Leadership Theory and Practice, 2(1), 71–94.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 698–714.
Ryan, L., (2016). Five Reasons Employees Are More Important Than Customers. Forbes. Retrieved 03 October 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/lizryan/2016/11/01/five-reasons-employees-are-more-important-than-customers/#619768fedb3e.
Saleem, F., Zhang, Y., Gopinath, C., & Adeel, A. (2020). Impact of Servant Leadership on Performance: The Mediating Role of Affective and Cognitive Trust. SAGE Open, 10(1), 215824401990056. doi: 10.1177/2158244019900562
Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J. C., & Santora, J. C. (2008). Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 45(2), 402–424.
Shadur, M. A., Kienzle, R., & Rodwell, J. J. (1999). The relationship between organizational climate and employee perceptions of involvement. Group & Organization Management, 24(4), 479–503. doi:10.1177/1059601199244005
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653 663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.68.4.653
Ur Rehman, S., Bhatti, A., & Chaudhry, N. (2019). Mediating effect of innovative culture and organizational learning between leadership styles at third-order and organizational performance in Malaysian SMEs. Journal Of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-0159-1
van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1228–1261.
van Dierendonck, D., Stam, D., Boersma, P., De Windt, N., & Alkema, J. (2014), “Same difference? Exploring the differential mechanisms linking servant leadership and transformational leadership to follower outcomes”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 544-562.
Warrick, D. D. (2017). What leaders need to know about organizational culture. Business Horizons, 60(3), 395–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.01.011
Warrick, D. D., Milliman, J. F., & Ferguson, J. M. (2016). Building high performance cultures. Organizational Dynamics, 45(1), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2015.12.008
Wikhamn, W., & Hall, A. (2012). Social Exchange in a Swedish Work Environment. International Journal Of Business And Social Science, 3(23), 56-64.
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305
Wu, C.-H., Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., & Lee, C. (2016). Why and when workplace ostracism inhibits organizational citizenship behaviors: An organizational identification perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(3), 362-378. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000063
Xenikou, A., & Simosi, M. (2006). Organizational culture and transformational leadership as predictors of business unit performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(6), 566–579
Yiing, L. H., & Ahmad, K. (2009). The Moderating Effects Of Organization Culture on the Relationships between Organization Commitment, Job satisfaction and Performance. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 30(1), 53-86.
Yu, P. L. (2017). Innovative culture and professional skills: The use of supportive leadership and individual power distance orientation in IT industry. International Journal of Manpower, 38(2), 198–214. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2014-0214
Atchison T. A. (2002). What is Corporate Culture?. Trustee : the journal for hospital governing boards, 55(4), 11.
Aziz, K., Awais, M., Hasnain, S., Khalid, U., & Shahzadi, I. (2018). Do Good And Have Good: Does Servant Leadership Influence Organizational Citizenship Behavior?. International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research, 7(4), 7-16.
Bambale, A., Shamsudin, F., & Subramaniam, C. (2014). Effects of Servant Leader Behaviors on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors for the Individual (OCB-I) in the Nigeria’s Utility Industry Using Partial Least Squares (PLS). Abstract Of Economic, Finance And Management Outlook, 2(2).
Bateman, T., & Organ, D. (1983). Job Satisfaction and The Good Soldier: The Relationship Between Affect and Employee "Citizenship". Academy Of Management Journal, 26(1), 587-595
Bottomley, P., Mostafa, A. M. S., Gould-Williams, J. S., & León-Cázares, F. (2015). The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behaviours: The Contingent Role of Public Service Motivation. British Journal of Management, 27(2), 390–405.
Cheong, M., Yammarino, F. J., Dionne, S. D., Spain, S. M., & Tsai, C. Y. (2019). A Review of the Effectiveness of Empowering Leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 34-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.08.005
Cherian, J., Gaikar, V., Paul, R., & Pech, R. (2021). Corporate culture and its impact on employees’ attitude, performance, productivity, and behavior: An investigative analysis from selected organizations of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010045
Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E. L., Daniels, S. R., & Hall, A. V. (2017). Social exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), 479–516. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099
Deshpande, R., & Webster, F. E. (1989). Organizational culture and marketing: Defining the research agenda. Journal of Marketing, 53(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251521
Deshpande, R., Farley, J. U., & Webster Jr, F. E. (1993). Corporate culture, customer orientation, and innovativeness in Japanese firms: a quadrad analysis. Journal of marketing, 57(1), 23-37.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R, Hutchison, & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500–507.
Gravetter, F., & Forzano, L. (2016). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (5th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. New York: Paulist Press.
Greenleaf, R.K (2008). The Servant as Leader. Westfield, IN: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership,.
Hamel, G. (2006). The what, why, and how of management innovation. Harvard Business Review, 84(2), 72-84.
Harwiki, W. (2013). Effect of Servant Leadership to Motivation, Organization Culture, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), and Employee’s Performance in Outstanding Cooperatives East Java Province, Indonesia. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM). 8(5), 50-58.
Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
Hsiao, C., Lee, Y. H., & Chen, W. J. (2015), “The effect of servant leadership on customer value co-creation: A cross-level analysis of key mediating roles”, Tourism Management, Vol. 49, pp. 45-57.
Hunter, E. M., Neubert, M. J., Perry, S. J., Witt, L. A., Penney, L. M., & Weinberger, E. (2013). Servant leaders inspire servant followers: Antecedents and outcomes for employees and the organization. Leadership Quarterly, 24(2), 316–331
Indirasari, D., Purba, D., & Anindita, R. (2019). Future time perspective and turnover intention: The mediating role of resilience. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 4(1), 1. doi: 10.21580/pjpp.v4i1.3120
Jensen-Eriksen, K. (2016). The Role Of HR Analytics In Creating Data-Driven HRM Textual Network Analysis Of Online Blogs Of HR Professionals. Helsinki: Department of Management Studies, School of Business, Aalto University.
Khan, M., Ismail, F., Hussain, A., & Alghazali, B. (2020). The Interplay of Leadership Styles, Innovative Work Behavior, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. SAGE Open, 10(1), 215824401989826. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019898264
Khan, S., Memon, M., & Ramayah, T. (2018). Leadership and Innovative Culture Influence on Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Affective Commitment: The Mediating Role of Interactional Justice. International Journal Of Business And Society, 9(3).
Khan, M. A., Ismail, F. B., Hussain, A., & Alghazali, B. (2020). The interplay of leadership styles, innovative work behavior, organizational culture, and organizational citizenship behavior. SAGE Open, 10(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019898264
Laub, J. (1999). Assessing the servant organization: Development of the Servant Organizational Leadership (SOLA) instrument. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(2), 308 (UMI No. 9921922).
Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Workplace Deviance: The Role of Affect and Cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.131
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Meuser, J. D., Hu, J., Wu, J., & Liao, C. (2015). Servant leadership: Validation of a short form of the SL-28. Leadership Quarterly, 26(2), 254–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.12.002
Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202
McNeely, B. L., & Meglino, B. M. (1994). The role of dispositional and situational antecedents in prosocial organizational behavior: An examination of the intended beneficiaries of prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 836–844
Newman, A., Schwarz, G., Cooper, B., & Sendjaya, S. (2015), “How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality”, Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2827-6
O’Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and Organizational Culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 487–516. doi:10.2307/256404
Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. C. (2000). Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies. International Journal of human resource management, 11(4), 766-788. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190050075114
Organ, D.W. (1988) Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Parris, D. L., & Welty Peachey, J., (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(3), 377–393.
Petrella, M., (2013). The Effects Of Trust On Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. Online Thesis and Dissertation. Eastern Kentucky University.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513–563.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Purba, D. E., & Muhammad, F. (2020). Job insecurity and organizational citizenship behavior: The role of affective commitment. HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal, 17(2), 80. https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v0i0.14916
Reed, L. L. (2015). Servant leadership, followership, and organizational citizenship behaviors in 9-1-1 emergency communications centers: Implications of a national study. Servant Leadership Theory and Practice, 2(1), 71–94.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 698–714.
Ryan, L., (2016). Five Reasons Employees Are More Important Than Customers. Forbes. Retrieved 03 October 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/lizryan/2016/11/01/five-reasons-employees-are-more-important-than-customers/#619768fedb3e.
Saleem, F., Zhang, Y., Gopinath, C., & Adeel, A. (2020). Impact of Servant Leadership on Performance: The Mediating Role of Affective and Cognitive Trust. SAGE Open, 10(1), 215824401990056. doi: 10.1177/2158244019900562
Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J. C., & Santora, J. C. (2008). Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 45(2), 402–424.
Shadur, M. A., Kienzle, R., & Rodwell, J. J. (1999). The relationship between organizational climate and employee perceptions of involvement. Group & Organization Management, 24(4), 479–503. doi:10.1177/1059601199244005
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653 663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.68.4.653
Ur Rehman, S., Bhatti, A., & Chaudhry, N. (2019). Mediating effect of innovative culture and organizational learning between leadership styles at third-order and organizational performance in Malaysian SMEs. Journal Of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-0159-1
van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1228–1261.
van Dierendonck, D., Stam, D., Boersma, P., De Windt, N., & Alkema, J. (2014), “Same difference? Exploring the differential mechanisms linking servant leadership and transformational leadership to follower outcomes”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 544-562.
Warrick, D. D. (2017). What leaders need to know about organizational culture. Business Horizons, 60(3), 395–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.01.011
Warrick, D. D., Milliman, J. F., & Ferguson, J. M. (2016). Building high performance cultures. Organizational Dynamics, 45(1), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2015.12.008
Wikhamn, W., & Hall, A. (2012). Social Exchange in a Swedish Work Environment. International Journal Of Business And Social Science, 3(23), 56-64.
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305
Wu, C.-H., Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., & Lee, C. (2016). Why and when workplace ostracism inhibits organizational citizenship behaviors: An organizational identification perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(3), 362-378. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000063
Xenikou, A., & Simosi, M. (2006). Organizational culture and transformational leadership as predictors of business unit performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(6), 566–579
Yiing, L. H., & Ahmad, K. (2009). The Moderating Effects Of Organization Culture on the Relationships between Organization Commitment, Job satisfaction and Performance. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 30(1), 53-86.
Yu, P. L. (2017). Innovative culture and professional skills: The use of supportive leadership and individual power distance orientation in IT industry. International Journal of Manpower, 38(2), 198–214. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2014-0214
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2024-01-18
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